105¦~8¤ë¸¹ ¹D ªk ªk °T (292)

DEEP & FAR

 

 

³¡¸¨«È¡B°OªÌ¡B³ø¾É¤Î¯SÅv

 

¶À­§ÀR ±M§Q¤uµ{®v

¡E¶§©ú¤j¾Çª«²zªvÀø¨t

¡E¶§©ú¤j¾Ç¥Íª«ÃľǩÒ

 

 

    ½sÄ¡¬°¥ÁÅvªk²Ä79-h±øªº¯Ã¬ù¡§«OÅ@ªk¡¨¡A¤]³W½d¤F¹ï§Ü¥Ñ¤@­Ó¡§±M·~°OªÌ©Î·s»D¼½³ø­û¡¨¯µ±KÀò±o©Î±µ¨ü§÷®Æ³Q±j¨î´¦ÅSªºµ´¹ï¯SÅv¡A¥]¬A¹ï³o¨Ç·s»D³ø¾É¨Ì¾Úªº¨Ó·½ªº¨­¥÷¡CThe original statute defined a professional journalist as someone who works in the chain of newsgathering and publication ¡§for gain or livelihood.¡¨ In 1981, the statute was amended, and the term ¡§professional journalist¡¨ was revised to include ¡§not only those working for traditional news media (newpapers, magazines, and broadcast media), but those working for any ¡§professional medium or agency which has as one of its regular functions the processing and researching of news intended for dissemination to the public,¡¨ as well.­ì±ø¤å©w¸qªº±M·~°OªÌ¬O¡§¬°¤FÀò§Q©Î¥Í­p¡¨¦Ó¦b·s»D±Ä½s¤Î¥Xª©²£·~Ãì¤u§@ªº¤H¡C¦b1981¦~¡A±ø¤å¶i¦æ¤F­×§ï¡A¦Ó³N»y ¡§±M·~°OªÌ¡¨³Q­×­q¬°¥]¬A¡§¤£¶È¬O¨º¨Ç¤u§@©ó¶Ç²Î·s»D´CÅé¡]³ø¯È¡BÂø»x©M¼s¼½´CÅé¡^ªº¤H¡A¤]¬O¨º¨Ç¤u§@©ó¥ô¦ó¡§¨ã¦³·s»Dªº³B²z¤Î¬ã¨s§@¬°¥¦ªº¨ä¤¤¤@¶µ±`³W¥\¯à¡A¦Ó¦®¦b¦V¤½²³¶Ç¼½ªº±M·~´CÅé©Î¾÷ºc¡¨ªº¤H¡C

    ¾¨ºÞ«OÅ@The limitation of the Shield Law's protections to a narrowly defined class of ¡§professional¡¨ journalists may appear archaic now, even though it is in fact typical.ªk¹ê»Ú¤W¬O¨å«¬ªº¡A¦ý¥¦¹ï©ó¤@­Ó¯U¸qÃþ§Oªº¡§±M·~¡¨°OªÌªº«OÅ@ªº­­¨î¡A²{¦b¥i¯àÅã±o¹L®É¡C1 The statutory definition is wordy because the very concept of the journalism ¡§profession¡¨ was a conceit.ªk³W©w¸q¬OÅo¶Ûªº¡A¦]¬°·s»D¡§±M·~¡¨ªº¯u¥¿·§©À¬O¦Û­tªº¡CThere are no formal qualifications, licenses, or training required to be a journalist.¦¨¬°¤@¦W°OªÌ¤£»Ý­n¦³¥¿¦¡¸ê®æ¡B°õ·Ó©Î°ö°V¡CThe statute therefore focuses on what this category of persons does-and significantly, where, ie, mainly at ¡§real¡¨ journalistic enterprises that would be familiar to our grandparents and probably theirs as well: newspapers, wire services, magazines, broadcasters.¦]¦¹¡Aªk³Wª`­«ªº¬O³o¤@Ãþªº¤H°µ¤°»ò¡A¥H¤Î­«­n¦a¡A¦b¨º¸Ì°µ¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¥D­n¬O¦b¹ï§Ú­Ìªº¯ª¤÷¥À¥H¤Î¥i¯à¥L­Ìªº¯ª¤÷¥À¨Ó»¡¦Õ¼ô¯à¸Ôªº¡§¯u¥¿¡¨ªº·s»D¥ø·~¡G³ø¯È¡B³q°TªÀ¡BÂø»x¡B¼s¼½¡C

    Today, in light of the Internet, the employment-based definiation of ¡§journalist¡¨ seems problematic, but until fairly recently it seemed pretty sensible.¦p¤µ¡AŲ©óºô»Úºô¸ô¡A¥H´N·~¬°°ò¦ªº¡§°OªÌ¡¨©w¸q¦ü¥G¦³°ÝÃD¡A¦ýª½¨ì³Ìªñ¥¦¦ü¥G¬O¬Û·í©ú´¼ªº¡CDecrying what sometimes seems like the cancerous growth of malicious online defamation cloaked by the anonymity that is unique to the Internet, I wrote in 2006:³dÃøºô»Úºô¸ô©Ò¿W¦³ªº°Î¦WÁô§Îªº´c·N½u¤W½ÚÁ½¦³®É­Ô¬Ý°_¨Ó¹³Àù²Ó­M¥Íªø¡Aµ§ªÌ¦b2006¦~¼g¹D¡G

 

 

µù1¡G ¡§«OÅ@·s´CÅé¡G°OªÌªº¯SÅvÀ³¥Î¦Ü³¡¸¨«È¡¨¡A120 HARV. L. REV. 996, 1002¡]2007¡^¡] ¡§¾¨ºÞ¦b«OÅ@ªk¥u«OÅ@ ¡§³ø¯È¡¨ªº³W©w¤U¡A³¡¸¨«È¤Ö¦³³Óºâ¡A¤j³¡¤À«OÅ@ªk¥]¬A¥¼¯à¸Ñ¨M¬O§_²[»\³¡¸¨«Èªº°ÝÃDªº©w¸q»y¨¥¡C³Ì±`¨£ªº¬O¡Aªk³W­n¨D½Ð¨D¤H¥[¤J©ó-©Î¦b¬Y¨Ç±¡ªp¤U¥[¤J©ó»P¨äÃþ¦ü¤§´X­Ó³Q¦CÁ|·s»D´CÅé(³q±`¥]¬A¡§³ø¯È¡¨¡A¦ý³q±`¤]¥]¬A¡§Âø»x¡¨¡B¡§³ø¥Z(journal)¡¨©Î¡§´Á¥Z(periodical)¡¨¡^¤§¤@¡C