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[1] Dhammika Dharmapala & James R. Hines, Which Countries Become Tax Havens 1 (NBER Working Paper No. 12802, 2006), available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w12802.

[2] Id. at 1.

[3] Terry Dwyer, ¡§Harmful¡¨ Tax Competition and the Future of Offshore Financial Centres, Such as Vanuatu, PAC. ECON. BULL., 2000, at 48, 57.